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A depression might be said to represent the impression of a bare human foot. In our model we regard the neural representation as similar to the representation offered by the moist sand of a beach. In models of the brain the visual cortex is often constructed as representing optical data, or even scene data.

Freeman and Simoncelli ( 2011), which were predicted to be perceptually equivalent under the assumption of a given scaling of receptive field size as a function of eccentricity.

One of many examples is the manipulated scenes used by J. Families of stimuli can also be generated in order to contrast different models of the visual system (see Wang & Simoncelli, 2008) and/or their parameter values. These are of obvious ecological relevance, and fruitful lines of research have shown that the visual system builds neural representations that disentangle the information relative to the objects being represented and to the transformations themselves (e.g., DiCarlo & Cox, 2007 Hong, Yamins, Majaj, & DiCarlo, 2016 Rust & DiCarlo, 2012). Other parametric families of images can be generated by manipulating physical aspects of the scene being depicted, including geometrical transformations such as translation and rotation of objects, size manipulations (e.g., Biederman & Gerhardstein, 1993 Logothetis & Sheinberg, 1996), and/or changes in the illumination in terms of direction, intensity, and spectral composition (e.g., Hurlbert, 2007 Kraft & Brainard, 1999). Perhaps Titchener's ( 1902) lab manual should be consulted he explains in detail how to use introspection. The perceptual quality of peripheral vision appears contradictory and defies your ability to describe your sensations, yet surely you are the first to know.

You may somehow be aware of the presence of books with titles written on their spines, yet you cannot identify the books or read the titles. Unilateral dichromats are not all that clear in their reports (Sloan & Wollach, 1948), whereas they surely should be the first to know! It becomes clear that such introspective reports are less easy to come up with than it might seem if you try to describe-even to yourself-what you experience as you see a book shelf in the periphery of your visual field. Hess ( 1982) informed us about the latter by requiring patients to draw what they see. Wouldn't it be nice to experience what colorblind people are seeing or what tarachopic amblyopes have to cope with? Viénot, Brettel, Ott, M'Barek, and Mollon ( 1995) told us about the former by simulating the visual appearance of unilateral dichromats.

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